John Chaffee s Philosophy Textbook - 1203 Words

In the beginning of chapter four of John Chaffee’s philosophy textbook we are confronted with a question, â€Å"are you free?† (Chaffee 2013 p.171). Although a majority of people would answer â€Å"yes, of course† to a question like this that seems cut and dry but in philosophy, we have to be willing to look deeper into the question being asked. Dive in with an open mind and ask yourself whether or not the choices you make in your life are truly yours or are they governed by outside forces out of your control. People are entitled to their own opinions and thoughts (as we all know). Philosophers thought about whether or not we are actually free and have their own ideas and concepts; determinism, compatibilism, and libertarianism, each with their strengths and weaknesses and we all have the freedom to choose which we believe in or whether or not we believe in any of their views. Beginning with determinism, the idea of determinism is that every event, including human actions, is brought about by previous events in accordance with universal casual laws that govern the world and that human freedom is just an illusion. At its most extreme form, â€Å"hard determinism†, believers of hard determinism believe that every behavior can be traced to a cause, although they may disagree about what those causes are. Popular explanations of human behavior that exemplify the determinist views (as taken from the textbook): Human Nature: People are born with certain basic instincts that influence andShow MoreRelatedStrategic Management Process12814 Words   |  52 PagesPROCESSS Strategic or institutional management is the conduct of drafting, implementing and evaluating cross-functional decisions that will enable an organization to achieve its long-term objectives[1]. It is the process of specifying the organization s mission, vision and objectives, developing policies and plans, often in terms of projects and programs, which are designed to achieve these objectives, and then allocating resources to implement the policies and plans, projects and programs. A balancedRead MoreStrategy Safari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 Pagesit worked well. Why don t you do a book on it? he suggested. Why don t we do it together? Henry replied. They both thought that Joe would make an excellent member of the team. So the safari was launched. We did not, however, write this as a textbook or some sort of academic treatise. From the outset, we believed that the book should have as much relevance for managers and consultants in practice as students and professors in the c lasroom. So we set out to write an easily accessible explanation

Technology Has Changed the Live of Teen Agers Free Essays

string(101) " subjects had dinner before drinking and only one subject did not consume any food before going out\." DOI: 10. 1111/j. 1464-5491. We will write a custom essay sample on Technology Has Changed the Live of Teen Agers or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2006. 01868. x Glycaemic control Review Article 23 0742-3071Publishing, alcohol Diabetic Medicine and2006 consumption D. Ismail et al. DME UK Oxford, article Blackwell Publishing Ltd Social consumption of alcohol in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes is associated with increased glucose lability, but not hypoglycaemia D. Ismail, R. Gebert, P. J. Vuillermin, L. Fraser*, C. M. McDonnell, S. M. Donath†  and F. J. Cameron Abstract Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, *Wimmera Base Hospital*, Horsham and † Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia Accepted 10 June 2005 Aims To determine the effects of social consumption of alcohol by diabetic adolescents on glycaemic control. Methods Fourteen (five male) patients aged 16 years were recruited from the diabetes clinic at the Royal Children’s Hospital. The continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) was attached at a weekend when alcohol consumption was planned for one night only. For each patient, the 12-h period from 18. 00 h to 06. 00 h for the night with alcohol consumption (study period) was compared with the same period with non-alcohol consumption (control period) either 24 h before or after the alcohol study night. Thus, each subject was his /her own control. Glycaemic outcomes calculated from continuous glucose monitoring included mean blood glucose (MBG), percentage of time spent at low glucose levels (CGMS 4. 0 mmol/l), normal glucose levels (CGMS 4. 0–10. 0 mmol/ l) and high glucose levels ( 10. mmol/ l) and continuous overall net glycaemic action (CONGA). Results The mean number of standard alcohol drinks consumed during the study period was 9. 0 for males and 6. 3 for females. There was no difference in percentage of time at high and normal glucose levels in the study and control periods. During the control period, there was a higher percentage of time with low glucose levels compared with the study period (P 0. 05). There was an increas ed level of glycaemic variation during the study time when compared with the control period. Conclusions In an uncontrolled, social context, moderately heavy alcohol consumption by adolescents with Type 1 diabetes appears to be associated with increased glycaemic variation, but not with low glucose levels. Diabet. Med. 23, 830–833 (2006) Keywords adolescence, alcohol, glycaemic control Abbreviations CGMS, continuous glucose monitoring system; CONGA, continuous overall net glycaemic action; MBG, mean blood glucose; RCH, Royal Children’s Hospital Introduction Adolescents with Type 1 diabetes frequently engage in risk-taking activities [1]. Amongst these activities is the social Correspondence to: Dr Fergus Cameron, Deputy Director, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. E-mail: fergus. cameron@rch. org. au consumption of alcohol, frequently as underage drinkers [2]. Whilst the effects of alcohol consumption upon glycaemia have been well described in a controlled setting [3– 6], little is known about the impact on glucose levels of alcohol consumption by adolescents within an ambulant, social context. The purpose of this project was to utilize continuous glucose monitoring to study the impact of social alcohol consumption on glycaemic control in a group of alcohol-using adolescents.  © 2006 The Authors. 830 Journal compilation  © 2006 Diabetes UK. Diabetic Medicine, 23, 830–833 Review article 831 Patients and methods This study was approved by the Human Ethics Research Committee of the Royal Children’s Hospital (RCH). That approval was contingent upon the fact that the investigators should not be seen to encourage underage drinking in adolescents. Consequently, we only approached adolescents who we knew were drinking socially and, despite our previous counselling, elected to continue to drink alcohol on a semi-regular basis. We recruited 22 adolescents with Type 1 diabetes from the RCH diabetes clinic. The adolescents were considered eligible only if 16 years old and parental/patient consent was obtained. HbA 1c (Bayer DCA 2000 immunoagglutination method, Calabria, Barcelona, Spain) was measured, and diabetes duration and insulin doses were recorded. The MiniMed continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) was attached to the study patients over a weekend period. Patients were required to have an alcohol-free period for at least 24 continuous hours during the weekend trace period. A diary was kept of activities during the trace period (insulin injections, meal, snacks, dancing, alcohol consumption, sport). There was no change in insulin doses between study and control periods. In the evening when alcohol was consumed, patients were asked to recall how many and what type of drinks were consumed and how inebriated they became. Patients recall of alcohol consumption was converted to ‘standard drinks’ (one standard drink contains the equivalent of 12. ml 100% alcohol) using The Australian Alcohol Guidelines [7]. CGMS data was recorded between 18. 00 and 06. 00 h on the evening when alcohol was consumed (the study period) and between 18. 00 and 06. 00 h on the evening when no alcohol was consumed (the control period). CGMS data were only analysed if there had been regular calibrations with intermittent capillary blood glucose readings at a maximum of 8-h intervals. Each CGMS trace was qualitatively and quantitatively analysed using mean glucose values, per cent time in glycaemic ranges and ontinuous overlapping net glycaemic action (CONGA) [8]. CONGA values were calculated to assess glycaemic variation over 1-, 2- and 4-h intervals. Low glucose values were defined as CGMS values 4 mmol/ l, normal glucose values when CGMS values were 4– 10 mmo/ l and high glucose values when CGMS values were 10 mmol/ l. Each patient acted as their own control with study periods and control periods being compared. Inter-individual values were grouped for comparison. Differences between study and control periods were analysed using paired t-tests. Analyses were done in Stata [9]. ales and nine females. The mean age was 18. 5 years (range: 17. 4 – 19. 5). The mean duration of diabetes was 9. 4 years (range: 3 – 16. 3). Six of our subjects took four insulin injections per day and eight took two injections daily . The mean insulin dose was 1. 1 units /kg/day (range: 0. 7 –1. 8), and the mean HbA1c was 9. 6% (range: 8. 2 – 10. 8). Activities during the study period Thirteen subjects had dinner before drinking and only one subject did not consume any food before going out. You read "Technology Has Changed the Live of Teen Agers" in category "Papers" Three subjects ‘danced a lot’ and six subjects went dancing but did not dance a lot. Ten subjects had something to eat after drinking. Alcohol consumption during the study period The mean number of alcohol drinks consumed on the study night was 9. 0 (range 3–16) for males and 6. 3 (range 3–14) for females. All the females consumed pre-mixed sweetened alcohol drinks (5% alcohol), with only one consuming beer and one consuming wine. Four of the males consumed mixed spirits, one mixed spirits and beer and one beer only. Forty per cent of the males had more than seven standard drinks during the study and 67% of the females had more than five drinks. In total, 80% of the subjects had pre-mixed sweetened alcohol drinks at some point during the study period. Forty-three per cent of the subjects reported that they became inebriated and 14. 3% consumed alcohol to the point where they became physically sick. None of the subjects lost consciousness or took recreational drugs during the study period. Comparative CGMS data between study and control periods Results Patients There was no significant difference between the overall mean glucose levels of patients when comparing study and control periods (Table 1; P = 0. 43). Similarly, there were no significant differences in the amount of time spent with either normal or high glucose values between study and control periods (Table 1). A larger proportion of time was spent with low glucose values during the control period when compared with the study period (1. 9 vs. 16. 8%, P = 0. 03). A significantly larger degree of glycaemic variation was seen in the CONGA values in the study period when compared with the control period (Table 1). The difference in CONGA values were consistent and independent of whether glycaemic variation was assessed over 1-, 2- or 4-h intervals. Of the 22 subjects recruited, eight were excluded because their CGMS traces did not have sufficiently frequent calibration points with intermittent capillary measures of blood glucose. Of the 14 subjects remaining, we were able to obtain study period data on 14 patients and matched control period data on only 12 patients. The study period occurred on the night prior to the control period in nine subjects. There were five Discussion It has long been recognized that a prohibitionist approach is usually ineffective when counselling adolescents who engage in risk-taking behaviours [10]. Many centres today, ourselves included, have instead adopted a harm minimization approach in dealing with such behaviours. An important component  © 2006 The Authors. Journal compilation  © 2006 Diabetes UK. Diabetic Medicine, 23, 830–833 832 Glycaemic control and alcohol consumption †¢ D. Ismail et al. Outcome measure Mean difference between Study period Control period study period and mean value mean value control period (95%CI) P-value 10. 6 16. 8 58. 6 24. 6 2. 1 3. 2 3. 7 1. 2 (? 2. 1, 4. 4) ? 14. 9 (? 28. 1, ? 1. 8) ? 0. 8 (? 27. 3, 25. 8) 15. 7 (? 4. 5, 35. 8) 0. 6 (0. 2, 1. 0) 1. 1 (0. , 1. 9) 1. 8 (0. 4, 3. 1) 0. 43 0. 03 0. 95 0. 12 0. 006 0. 01 0. 01 Table 1 CGMS outcomes, study and control periods Blood glucose levels (mmol/l) 11. 8 Per cent time low glucose 1. 9 Per cent time high glucose 57. 8 Per cent time normal glucose 40. 3 CONGA1* 2. 7 CONGA2* 4. 3 CONGA4* 5. 5 *CONGA calculated at 1-, 2- and 4-h intervals. CONGAn is the standard deviation of differ ent glucose measures n hours apart for the duration of the CGMS trace. of counselling using a harm minimization approach is that the information provided be credible and reflective of ‘real’ or ‘lived’ circumstances. Continuous glucose monitoring provides a technique whereby the glycaemic consequences of various behaviours can be documented in an ambulant or non-artificial setting. Adolescents with Type 1 diabetes frequently consume alcohol in a social context [11]. Alcohol is known to inhibit the gluconeogenic pathway, to inhibit lipolysis, impair glucose counter-regulation and blunt hypoglycaemia awareness [3,4]. Previous studies in young adults with Type 1 diabetes have shown that moderate consumption of alcohol in the evenings without concomitant food intake may cause hypoglycaemia the following morning [5]. Consumption of alcohol after a meal, however, has shown no similar adverse effects on glucose [6]. It is reasonable to assume, therefore, that alcohol consumption may be a significant risk factor for hypoglycaemia in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes [5]. Studies of the glycaemic effects of alcohol consumption in an ambulant adolescent/young adult population can be difficult. This is because such behaviours are uncontrolled, often spontaneous and usually in the context of other social activities (parties, dancing, etc. ). In order to ensure that we only reported accurate CGMS data during these activities, capillary blood glucose calibration was considered vital and those patients who failed in this regard were excluded from analysis. Just over 60% of the patients recruited were able to successfully wear and calibrate a CGMS unit during these activities. Given that patients who experience hypoglycaemic symptoms are more likely to perform capillary self measures of blood glucose, we feel that it is unlikely that those patients excluded from the analysis had a greater frequency of hypoglycaemia than those patients reported. We were unable to record our subjects’ alcohol consumption in a contemporaneous fashion and hence were reliant upon their recall. It is possible that their remembered patterns of consumption were not entirely accurate. This potential inaccuracy should not be seen as a weakness of this study, as we only set out to determine patterns of glycaemia in adolescents engaging in spontaneous and uncontrolled alcohol consumption. We neither specified the type nor the amount of alcohol to be consumed (our ethical approval was contingent on this not occurring). The data as to amount of alcohol consumed have been included for descriptive purposes only. The results of this study show that alcohol consumption by adolescents in a social context is associated with a greater degree of glycaemic variation and less time spent with low glucose values than evenings where no alcohol is consumed. Whilst the second of these findings appears counter-intuitive, there may be several possible explanations. Firstly, the vast majority of our study group ate a meal prior to going out and ate upon their return before going to bed. These are practices that we have instilled as harm minimization strategies to avoid alcohol-induced hypoglycaemia in our clinic. Secondly, most of the alcohol consumed was as pre-mixed spirit and sweetened, carbonated beverages. Finally, alcohol consumption was only associated with vigorous exercise (dancing) in a minority of our study group. All of these factors could have combined to negate the hypoglycaemic effects of alcohol. In a previous study of glycaemia during alcohol consumption in adult men [5], hypoglycaemia occurred most often 10–12 h after wine consumption when the evening before ended at 23. 0 h. We analysed our data to see if a similar phenomenon occurred in this study and found that the per cent of time spent with CGMS readings 4 mmol/l between 06. 00 and 12. 00 h on the morning after the study period (i. e. the morning after the drinking night) was only 1. 1%. Notwithstanding the fact that our cohort frequently consumed alcohol later than 23. 00 h, the facto rs that impacted upon glycaemic control during the study night appear to have carried over to the ‘morning after’. The findings in this study highlight the importance of ambulant testing. It is important to note that the findings of the group studied here may not be seen in adolescents who drink non-sweetened alcoholic drinks or in those adolescents with better underlying metabolic control. Whilst alcohol consumption in isolation may reasonably be thought to cause hypoglycaemia, alcohol consumption by adolescents in the context of meals, sweetened mixers and little activity did not result in more hypoglycaemia than an alcohol-free evening. Whether the increase in glycaemic variation seen on an evening  © 2006 The Authors. Journal compilation  © 2006 Diabetes UK. Diabetic Medicine, 23, 830–833 Review article 833 of alcohol consumption has negative clinical outcomes remains an area for further investigation. Competing interests CMM was a Novo Nordisk research fellow. FJC received fees for speaking at conferences and funds for research from Novo Nordisk. References 1 Cameron F, Werther G. Adolescents with diabetes mellitus. In: Menon, RK, Sperling, MA, eds. Pediatric Diabetes. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003: 319–335. 2 Frey MA, Guthrie B, Lovelandcherry C, Park PS, Foster CM. Risky behaviours and risk in adolescents with IDDM. J Adol Health 1997; 20: 38–45. 3 Avogaro A, Beltramello P, Gnudi L, Maran A, Valerio A, Miola M et al. Alcohol intake impairs glucose counterregulation during acute insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in IDDM patients. Diabetes 1993; 42: 1626–1634. 4 Kerr D, Macdonald IA, Heller SR, Tattersal RB. Alcohol causes hypoglycaemic unawareness in healthy volunteers and patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 1990; 33: 216–221. 5 Turner BC, Jenkins E, Kerr D, Sherwin RS, Cavan DA. The effect of evening alcohol consumption on next morning glucose control in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 1888–1893. 6 Koivisto VA, Tulokas S, Toivonen M, Haapa E, Pelkonen R. Alcohol with a meal has no adverse effects on postprandial glucose homeostasis in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1993; 16: 1612–1614. 7 National Health and Medical Research Council. Australian Alcohol Guidelines: Health Risks and Benefits. DS9. Available from: http://www7. health. gov. au/nhmrc/publications/synopses/ds9syn. htm. 8 McDonnell CM, Donath SM, Vidmar SI, Werther GA, Cameron FJ. A novel approach to continuous glucose analysis utilising glycaemic variation. Diab Tech Therap 2005; 7: 253–263. 9 StataCorp. Stata statistical software. Release 8. 0. College Station, TX: Stata Corporation, 2003. 10 Kyngas H, Hentinen M, Barlow JH. Adolescents perceptions of physicians, nurses, parents and friends: help or hindrance in compliance with diabetes self-care? J Adv Nurs 1998; 27: 760–769. 11 Patterson JM, Garwick AW. Coping with chronic illness. In: Werther, GA, Court, JM, eds. Diabetes and the Adolescent. Melbourne: Miranova Publishers 1998, 3–34.  © 2006 The Authors. Journal compilation  © 2006 Diabetes UK. Diabetic Medicine, 23, 830–833 How to cite Technology Has Changed the Live of Teen Agers, Essays

Wordsworths Memories by Derek Furr free essay sample

As you read the essay, write down answers to the numbered analysis questions that accompany it. You can find the poem beginning on page 552 of your Holt Literature and Language Arts textbook. from Poetry for Students Memory: William Wordsworth and â€Å"Tintern Abbey† by Derek Furr I magine yourself five years from now. You’ve 1. How does the writer received an invitation to your high school reunion attempt to engage and, feeling a little anxious and nostalgic, you arrive audience interest? Who early to walk around your old stomping grounds. You do you think his wander into the empty gym, where you played your intended audience is? first varsity ball game; you sit in the back of your old chemistry class, staring at the board that once held puzzling equations; you stroll through a courtyard where you held the hand of someone you thought you couldn’t live without. Slowly you recollect how you felt as a teenager, how you saw the world around you—who was important, what made a difference. Doubtless you’ll carry both fond and troubling memories of high school, and when you return, both will re-surface at the sites where they originated. But when five years have passed, the emotions of your teen years may prove difficult to recover. Revisiting your past, you may be surprised not so much by From â€Å"Tintern Abbey† by Derek Furr from Poetry for Students, edited by Marie Rose Napierkowski and Mary K. Ruby. Copyright  © 1997 by The Gale Group. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. 1 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. the changes in your old school—the gym will be in the same spot, the cafeteria will serve the same mysterious foods. Rather, as you recall your former self, walking through that courtyard, holding that hand, you may be struck—with melancholy and wonder—by how much you have changed. William Wordsworth returned to the Wye valley in 2. What background July 1798, five years after he had first toured the region information does the with his sister, Dorothy. As he looks at the valley, writer provide? hrough the lens of memory, he sees himself—both as Why do you think this he once was, and as he is now. With his â€Å"Lines,† information is important Wordsworth attempts to make sense of the changes he to understanding the has undergone, and, in the process, he offers some poem? interesting insights into the machinery of memory and the Romantic lyric. The specific setting of Wordsworth’s poem is clearly important to him. Indeed, in the very title of his poem, he announces the time and place of his return visit, and lets us know where he is positioned in the landscape that he describes. He sits in a specific spot, a â€Å"few miles above† an abandoned abbey in the valley of the river Wye; thus he has a broad perspective on the landscape he will describe. As he composes the poem (or so he claims), he is reclined â€Å"under [a] dark sycamore. † It is mid-July, the day before Bastille Day,1 and three times in the space of two lines Wordsworth asserts that â€Å"five years have past† since he last visited. Those were five tumultuous 2 years in European history and in Wordsworth’s life, and it is as though he has longed to return to this spot above Tintern Abbey. He is nostalgic, in a contemplative,3 reflective mood. Like the many topographical or landscape poems that preceded â€Å"Tintern Abbey† in the 18th century, Wordsworth’s poem goes on to describe the scene in detail, appealing to our eyes and ears—the sound of â€Å"rolling† waters, the sublime 4 impressiveness of â€Å"steep and lofty cliffs,† and so forth. But note how often Wordsworth repeats the first person pronoun, â€Å"I†Ã¢â‚¬â€ â€Å"I hear/These waters,† â€Å"I behold,† â€Å"repose,† â€Å"view,† and â€Å"see. † Wordsworth’s 3. How does the writer description emphasizes his personal engagement or explain Wordsworths 1. Bastille (bas†¢tel’) Day: commemoration of the 1789 siege and destruction of the Bastille, a Paris prison, during the French Revolution. 2. tumultuous: turbulent; uneasy. 3. contemplative: thoughtful. 4. sublime: awe-inspiring. repetition of the pronoun â€Å"I†? 2 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. involvement with the landscape; he is concerned with how the vista 5 affects him. Likewise, we should be concerned with how his point of view affects the vista. Critics have often noted—see, for example, Marjorie Levinson’s Wordsworth’s Great Period Poems—that Wordsworth does not depict the Abbey and the valley as it really appeared in 1798. The abbey was ruined and overgrown, and the valley had been scarred by the industrial revolution. To some extent, Wordsworth sees what he wants to see—an idyllic 6 landscape. Looking down on the valley through the lens of memory, much as you might look back on your old school five years from now, he sees a mixture of the present and the past. With stanza two, it becomes clear that â€Å"Tintern 4. What key point does Abbey† is not so much about the landscape of the Wye the writer address in valley in 1798 as it is about the landscape of memory— this paragraph? Wordsworth’s memory. And that landscape is natural and harmonious. During his five years’ absence from the valley, Wordsworth suggests, the tranquil environs of Tintern Abbey have been constantly present with him, in the â€Å"beauteous forms† stored in his memory. Notice the contrasts that Wordsworth establishes between civilization and nature, the â€Å"din/Of towns and cities† and the â€Å"murmur† of the Wye river, the â€Å"fretful stir† and â€Å"fever of the world† and the peaceful meandering of the â€Å"sylvan7 Wye! † When Wordsworth has been troubled with the ways of the â€Å"unintelligible world,† he asserts, remembering nature has not only brought him peace but has also given him insight â€Å"into the life of things. † Through an act of memory—specifically, through reflecting upon natural scenes—Wordsworth discovers a spirit that connects all life. Just as Wordsworth has returned often to the Wye in memory, so he would recur frequently to this theme in his early and middle-period poetry. â€Å"Tintern Abbey† purports8 to record a moment of revelation, when Wordsworth suddenly realized that nature and acts of memory had given him insight into the life of things. But fond memories alone do not lead him to this discovery. Think again about returning to your high school, several years from now. Your school fight song probably won’t stir you like it once did. You’ll probably be more 5. 6. 7. 8. vista: view or scene. idyllic (i†¢dil’ik): pleasant; simple. sylvan (sil’v? ): associated with the forest. purports: claims. 3 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. responsible, but also have more responsibilities. Wordsworth waxes9 melancholy as he recalls how enthusiastic and engaged he was with nature on his previous visit to the Wye. Again he sets up a contrast, here between the pure emotion of youth and the rarefied contemplativeness of adulthood. In lines 76 and following, he mourns the loss of that passionate attachment to nature. However, as a â€Å"thoughtless youth,† he maintains, he could not have seen into the â€Å"life of things,† for such a discovery requires thoughtfulness, reflection. Perhaps the most important passage in â€Å"Tintern Abbey† occurs at the moment that Wordsworth makes his discovery: â€Å"For I have learned/To look on nature, not as in the hour/Of thoughtless youth; but hearing oftentimes/The still, sad music of humanity,/Nor harsh nor grating, though of ample power/To chasten and subdue. † Wordsworth has lost his youth, has seen 5. How does the writer five more years pass, has felt the sorrows of others and explain the complex ideas the â€Å"fretful stir† of the world. But becoming acquainted expressed in the with sorrow and loss has given him the power to quotation? ympathize with others and with nature. Note how What literary elements deliberately the lines are set forth, with measured does he point out? phrasing and frequent pauses, and how the â€Å"music† is carefully qualified. These are â€Å"thoughtful† lines, and the spirit that Wordsworth has discovered â€Å"impels/All thinking things. † Up to this point in â€Å"Tintern Abbey,† we have watched Wordsworth move from nostalgia for a lost perspective on nature to joy in a new one. Uttered in the present tense, at a specific time and place, â€Å"Tintern Abbey† appears to record Wordsworth’s discovery â€Å"as it happens. Robert Langbaum has called such poems a â€Å"poetry of experience†; in the Romantic period lyric, Langbaum maintains, the poet always makes a discovery over the course of writing the poem and engaging with his/her subject. As readers of the poem, we too experience this discovery. In â€Å"Tintern Abbey,† there is actually a character who represents us—Wordsworth’s younger sister, Dorothy, who is the â€Å"Friend† addressed in the final stanza of the poem. Dorothy’s significance in William Wordsworth’s li fe and writing cannot be overstated. Their affection for each other was powerful; many have argued that Wordsworth’s â€Å"Lucy† poems10 are actually about his sister. Often she plays the 9. waxes: grows; becomes. 10. Lucy poems: a series of poems written by Wordsworth in 1799, which discuss themes of love and loss. 4 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. classical role of muse in his verse. And many of his poems, most famously â€Å"Resolution and Independence,† are lyrical renderings of Dorothy’s journal entries about experiences she and William shared. In the final stanza of â€Å"Tintern Abbey,† we learn that Dorothy is with William (at least in spirit) as he speaks this poem, just as we have been. He sees his former self in Dorothy: â€Å"in thy voice I catch/The language of my former heart, and read/My former pleasures in the shooting lights/Of thy wild eyes. † Therefore, he advises her to take his discovery to heart, and in lines that echo a spiritual benediction,11 instructs her to have faith that nature will always provide solace in hard times and fresh insight into the meaning of life. Curiously, however, the tone of this final stanza shifts 6. What change in tone from confidence to anxiousness. Wordsworth’s advice does the writer identify? that Dorothy not forget â€Å"Nature† shifts to a plea that What evidence does he Dorothy (and perhaps we the readers) not forget him. supply to show this Note the interplay of â€Å"remember† and â€Å"forget† in the change? final lines of Wordsworth’s address. Again, memory is an essential concern of â€Å"Tintern Abbey. † How we remember the past was a subject of the early stanzas; why we remember it is a question raised by Wordsworth’s desperate plea â€Å"Nor wilt thou then forget. An important reader of Wordsworth, Paul DeMan, has suggested that in the passing of his youthful frivolity12 and in the â€Å"still, sad music of humanity,† Wordsworth has recognized his own mortality. Perhaps the impetus13 behind Wordsworth’s final address to Dorothy and to us, therefore, is his desire for a kind of immortality. Just as he would carry the â€Å"beauteous forms† of the Wye valley with him always and draw on them for comfort, so he would want Dorothy and us to carry his lines in our hearts and minds. How we remember Wordsworth now differs from how Dorothy and her contemporaries saw him in 1798, and 7. What closing thought how we will think of him five years from now will does the writer leave his surely differ from how we hold him at present. But readers with? â€Å"Tintern Abbey† has certainly given Wordsworth a kind Evaluate whether this is of immortality, for neither he nor this poem has yet an effective conclusion. passed from our culture’s memory.